In reviewing the decade, these emerged as some of the important developments, with a focus on national and international stories. The end notes give further details of information that is not provided in annual lists (2010-2013; 2014-2017; 2018-2019).
However, as with all medications,levitra 60 mg can possess a few undesirable side effects when utilized. Which again, as an obvious predicament, pops the question in your mind – Do men who take name prescription viagra uk . The herbs with their magical properties shot a great results when they are blended together in right place to make joint whereas muscles allows free cialis free consultation movement of bones and make joints work. Anxiety coupled with depression become as a consequence of lack of testosterone, below mentioned carnal downsides encounter – Absence of erotic lust Arousal turmoil or erotic malfunction (ED) Early Ejaculation (PE) with poor semen expulsion Weak and inadequate carnal climax You may reduce self-assurance and lust in having intercourse as a consequence of these sexual predicaments. cialis buy usa
Endangered Species Act (ESA) is applied to captive animals
Intersection of ESA and Animal Welfare Act (AWA): do AWA violations constitute a “taking” under ESA? Cases brought under both statutes has been used successfully in some cases that reached favorable settlement (PETA v Wildlife in Need; Graham v San Antionio ) but not others [notably Lolita‘s case; and Hill v Coggins (Cherokee Bear Zoo, where judge said the conditions were bad but not a “taking”]. In a 2019 decision in a case seeking release to sanctuary of two Asian elephants confined in a municipal zoo, the court held: “the Fish and Wildlife Service has authoritatively interpreted [the ESA] and in conjunction with the Animal Welfare Act, contemplates that endangered species may be kept in captivity” (Rowley v City of New Bedford). However, we think the use of the two statutes holds promise and will continue to be pursued by advocates in future cases.
Bedrock statutes: poorly enforced, under attack, reinterpreted; deregulation increases and transparency decreases throughout the decade
Animal Welfare Act turned 50 in 2016; one commentator says it actually harms animals
Endangered Species Act
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
Aggressive, creative litigation by coalitions of national organizations have provided a back-stop to some of the most egregious governmental actions; this must be viewed with concern because the current administration has appointed 180+ federal judges (to Dec. 29, 2019) who may be less receptive to animal welfare issues
Wolves have been a flash point implicating the ESA, state vs federal management, trophy hunting. Attempts to de-list gray wolves span the decade and have been “successful” in removing the Rocky Mountain gray wolf, who are now hunted in several western states; multiple lawsuits have slowed down the effort. At decade’s end, the USFWS is again attempting to de-list the Western Great Lakes gray wolf, with considerable pushback.
Horses have figured prominently as symbols of this country, but they faced potential harm on many fronts. The recently passed 2020 federal budget appears to address wild horses, slaughter and soring. In the western US, we have seen the growth of the wild horse population, bringing more conflict with ranchers. Horse racing continues to be a flash point: the recent deaths at California’s Santa Anita Park (37 in 2019 alone) have drawn renewed attention to the “sport”, although deaths and drugging of horses is widespread; some say it may be facing an existential threat. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/may/03/kentucky-derby-santa-anita-horse-racing-california
Birds also are face existential threats; protections the MBTA are being eroded; they are part of global trafficking operations in exotic pets; and a recent study reports 1 in 4 birds have been lost over the past 50 years
Climate Change: affects wildlife; 2019 UN report warns millions of species face extinction
Animals as Individuals (not property)
Crime Victims
Justice the horse sues abusive previous owner
In State v Nix, the Oregon Supreme Court holds that abused animals are victims, at least for sentencing purposes
Civil Actions (novel theories)
Tony the truck stop tiger is “individual” within the meaning of FOIA law requiring expedited processing when an “individual” is in danger (appeal denied)
NhRP filing habeas corpus petitions for release of animals illegally held (appeals still in process)
Non-economic damages awarded for harm to animals beyond “fair market value”, notably in §1983 cases; CA allows but NJ denies these damages
Divorce: Alaska became the first state to allow courts to assess animals’ needs rather than award custody to the “owner” in divorce cases; Illinois followed; and a NY court used “best interest of all concerned” standard
Court Representation: Desmond’s law, passed in CT, allows judge to appoint an advocate to represent an animal’s interest in an abuse case
Preemption/dormant commerce clause claims increasingly asserted in local legislation vs state (unsuccessfully as pet store puppy mill bans upheld in AZ, RI and NY); and state vs federal (farmed animal issues, also unsuccessful in challenging state ballot initiatives, but succeeding in state regulation of foie gras and downer pigs)
Public Opinion driving Economics driving Reform
SeaWorld
Ringling Brothers
Cage-free
Growing awareness of — and attention to — aquatic animals who have largely been ignored in law and policy; the Aquatic Animal Law Initiative was established at Lewis & Clark Law School
Food law becomes an increasingly important field, and it will continue to be as “clean meat” comes to the market; in 2018, the FDA and USDA reach agreement on regulation, and in 2019 a bill is introduced in Congress to codify the agreement
meat labeling laws
“clean meat”
The animal advocacy movement struggles with #MeToo
Animal Law and Policy
American Bar Association passes a resolution supporting TNVR (Trap/Neuter/Vaccinate/Return) programs for community cats; it was introduced by the ABA’s Animal Law Committee
Law school programs (in US):
in 2019: Harvard introduces the Animal Law & Policy Clinic to provide hands-on experience; Yale introduces LEAP (Law, Ethics & Animals Program); and the Center for Animal Law Studies (CALS) at Lewis & Clark begins a new Animal Law Litigation Clinic
Harvard begins Animal Law & Policy program in 2015
MSU starts an Animal Welfare clinic
CALS offers a masters program in animal law
Podcasts and Webinars become widely available (and free)
Animal Legal and Historical Center: begun in 2002, “On this site you will find a comprehensive repository of information about animal law, including: over 1200 full text cases (US, historical, and UK), over 1400 US statutes, over 60 topics and comprehensive explanations, legal articles on a variety of animal topics and an international collection.”
This list does not include non-US programs, nor does it include the robust and growing field of Human-Animal Studies.
